When generating an image, mantra runs the sample filter to composite samples to a single color. Mantra then runs the pixel filter to produce the final color for a pixel. A deep resolver is used to store information about each sample prior to sample filtering. This allows the image resolver to store information about each individual sample before compositing.

No Deep Resolver: Deep image will not be output Deep Shadow Map: Only the opacity (Of) and depth (Pz) image planes will be written out. Deep Camera Map: All planes selected for deep images will be written out. Use the Exclude from DCM toggle to leave a specific image plane from the deep image output.

The file to generate when the Deep Camera Map resolver is used.

Deprecated in Houdini 14.5. Specifies how each pixel sample should be interpreted. Unlike some other deep image formats, mantra only writes out a single depth value for each sample.

Compression value between 0 and 10. Used to limit the number of samples which are stored in a lossy compression mode for volume samples. The compression parameter applies to opacity values, and determines the maximum possible error in opacity for each sample. For compression greater than 0, the following relationship holds: OfError = 1/(2^(10-compression))

The samples stored in the deep file can be stored as either uncomposited, meaning that each sample is independent of any other sample for the same pixel; or it can be stored pre-composited, meaning that each sample stores the accumulated opacity of the sample behind it and the opacity of the sample itself.

When rendering DCM, force regular/non-deep image planes to have the same pixel filtering as DCM’s (i.e. Unit Box filter).

Specifies the amount of bits to use to store opacity samples. The default is 16 bits. Larger values may cause the file size to increase substantially, with little gain in fidelty.

16 bit float: 16 bit floating point values. 32 bit float: 32 bit floating point values. 64 bit float: 64 bit floating point values.

Specifies the amount of bits to use to store opacity samples. The default is 32 bits. Smaller values may cause unnecessary discretization of samples of sample far away from the camera, but can save substantially on file size.

16 bit float: 16 bit floating point values. 32 bit float: 32 bit floating point values. 64 bit float: 64 bit floating point values.

Used in compression to merge together samples which are closer than the given threshold. Samples that are closer together than this bias value, are merged into a single sample and stored at the average z value of all the merged samples.

Opacity is usually computed as a full-color value and stored as such. To cut down on file size, if full color is not needed, this settings can be used to store a monochromatic version of the full color value.

Monochrome: The opacity is stored as a single, grayscale channel.0 Full Color: The opacity is stored with full red, green and blue separation.

Deprecated in Houdini 14.5. Used in compression to determine whether to keep the nearest, the farthest or the midpoint of samples.

Nearest sample: Choose the smallest Pz value. Midpoint sampling: Choose the midpoint of Pz values. Farthest sample: Choose the largest Pz value.

These special channels are discussed in: Improved Deep Compositing

Whether to create MIP mapped images for deep camera images.

By default, MIP maps are not created for deep camera images, since deep camera images tend to be used for deep compositing (which doesn’t require MIP maps).

See DCM Filename for details.

See DCM Interpolation for details.

See DCM Compression for details.

See DCM Pre-Composite Samples for details.

Mantra expects deep shadow images to be pre-composited. If you use un-composited shadow maps, rendering may be slower or generate bad results.

See DCM Of Storage for details.

See DCM Z Storage for details.

See DCM Z-Bias for details.

See DCM Of Size for details.

See DCM Z-Sample Filter for details.

These special channels are discussed in: Improved Deep Compositing

Whether to create MIP mapped images for deep shadow images.

By default, MIP maps are created for deep shadow images, since shadow evaluation can make use of MIP maps for filtering.

The number of cryptomatte layers to output. This must be set to 1 or higher to enable the cryptomatte resolver. The cryptomatte resolver is used to store the ID (based on hash of user-specified string property) and opacity pair of each sample prior to sample filtering.

Property to generate IDs from. materialname and name are built-in property names for material path and object path respectively. It can also be any object property of string type, including user property.

Channel name used to store current layer.

Maximum number of IDs that can be stored in a single pixel. A value of 6 is recommended.

Output path of the cryptomatte layer. OpenEXR format recommended. If this path is not specified, then this layer will be stored along with primary output. It’s also possible to have multiple layers with identical Different File path to write a cryptomatte image with multiple layers, but Channel Name should be unique to avoid confusion (a temporary channel name will be generated if more than one layer tries to write to same file with identical channel name).

Optional external manifest file. It will be saved into same directory as the Output Picture. If this path is unspecified, the manifest will be embedded into Output Picture as metadata.

A global multiplier on all per-object shading quality (vm_shadingquality) parameters in the scene. This parameter can be used to globally increase or decrease shading quality. The shading quality used for an object is determined by…

shadingquality = object:shadingquality * renderer:shadingfactor

This parameter controls the geometric subdivision resolution for all rendering engines and additionally controls the shading resolution for micropolygon rendering. With all other parameters at their defaults, a value of 1 means that approximately 1 micropolygon will be created per pixel. A higher value will generate smaller micropolygons meaning that more shading will occur - but the quality will be higher.

In ray tracing engines, shading quality only affects the geometric subdivision quality for smooth surfaces (NURBS, render as subdivision) and for displacements - without changing the amount of surface shading. When using ray tracing, pixel samples and ray sampling parameters must be used to improve surface shading quality.

The effect of changing the shading quality is to increase or decrease the amount of shading by a factor of vm_shadingquality squared - so a shading quality of 2 will perform 4 times as much shading and a shading quality of 0.5 will perform 1/4 times as much shading.

When rendering a curve, turns the curve into a surface and dices the surface, running the surface shader on multiple points across the surface. This may be useful when the curves become curved surfaces, but is less efficient. The default is to simply run the shader on the points of the curve and duplicate those shaded points across the created surface.

Automatically adjusts the shading quality for objects which are significantly blurred. Increasing the motion factor of an object will dynamically decrease the shading quality based on the rate of motion. This can significantly speed up renderings of rapid moving objects. It also affects depth of field and may improve speed of scenes with deep depth of focus.

Motion factor reduces shading quality using the following formula:

new shading quality = shading quality / max(pixels of motion * (1/16), 1)

Objects traveling more than 16 pixels within the frame will have their shading quality reduced by the above factor. For example, an object blurred over 32 pixels with a shading quality of 1 will have the quality reduced to 0.5. You should not use very large values for this parameter. Values between 0 and 1 are reasonable.

When using the Ray Tracing or Physically Based Rendering rendering engine, motion factor will only affect the geometric subdivision for subdivision surfaces, NURBS/beziers, or displacements and will not change the amount of shading.

When primitives are rendered in mantra, they are split into smaller primitives if they are too big to be rendered. The primitives are measured to determine if they are too big using the measurer.

There are several different measurers available, each which take some optional arguments.

This parameter controls the z-importance for nonraster measuring. See vm_measure above.

This parameter controls the shading quality scale factor for geometry that is not directly visible to the camera. For geometry that is outside the field of view (ie. visible only to secondary rays), mantra will smoothly reduce the shading quality based on the angle between the geometry and the edge of the viewing frustum. Smaller values can increase performance particularly in scenes where the camera is within the displacement bound of nearby geometry, where it permits the hidden primitives to be diced more coarsely than those that are directly visible.

This parameter sets a minimum rendering width, in raster space, for curves and points. Any point, or curve segment, smaller than this value, at the projected point, will instead have its opacity scaled down as a ratio of the minimum width and the actual width. This helps rendering very small points and thin curves, such as hair and fur, without having to adversely increase the pixel samples to compensate.

This value should be kept at around 0.5 to 1.0. Larger values may significantly increase render time, since the geometry is wider and more transparent samples may be taken. A value of 0 disables the option.

This option can be used in conjunction with Stochastic Transparency for additional performance.

This property controls the tesselation levels for nearly flat primitives. By increasing the value, more primitives will be considered flat and will be sub-divided less. Turn this option down for more accurate (less optimized) nearly-flat surfaces.

This property will cause this object to generate all displaced and subdivided geometry before the render begins. Ray tracing can be significantly faster when this setting is enabled at the cost of potentially huge memory requirements.

When ray-tracing, if all polygons on the model are visible (either to primary or secondary rays) it can be more efficient to pre-dice all the geometry in that model rather than caching portions of the geometry and re-generating the geometry on the fly. This is especially true when global illumination is being computed (since there is less coherency among rays).

Currently not supported for per-primitive material assignment (material SOP).

This property is used to select different tessellation style for heightfield objects.

Saves binary geometry in the IFD. If this option is turned off, ASCII geometry is saved in the IFD. Binary is much more efficient. ASCII is readable.

Writes geometry into the IFD file. When this is off, Houdini writes geometry to external temporary files instead. Leaving this option off (the default) makes rendering faster and uses less disk space. See IFD geometry for more information.

See also Shared temp storage and Local temp storage.

Normally, when Save inline geometry is off, Houdini always writes geometry files during IFD generation, overwriting any existing files. When this option is on, if a file of the same name already exists, Houdini will re-use the existing geometry files instead of overwriting it. This does not compare file modification times, it only checks the file name, so after geometry is generated once it will never be updated as long as this is on. Turning this on can speed up lighting significantly, as long as you know you won’t be updating your geometry.

If you add this property, remember to always turn it off for final renders to ensure you get the up-to-date geometry.

When Save inline geometry is off, Houdini saves geometry files to this directory when you save an IFD.

You can use $F (for example $HIP/ifds/storage/frame$F4) to create separate directories for each frame. This helps avoid filename collisions and makes cleanup easier.

See also Local temp storage.

When Save inline geometry is off, Houdini saves geometry files to this directory when you pipe an IFD directly to Mantra (as opposed to saving the IFD to disk). This is useful because you may be saving IFDs to a network disk, but when you pipe directly to Mantra you want to always use fast local storage and avoid slow network storage.

Temporary files stored for pipes should automatically be cleaned up, but due to crashes or interrupted jobs, Houdini might leave these files on disk. You should periodically remove any old files left in this directory.

See also Shared temp storage.

Enabling this option will cause mantra to abort the render with an error if it encounters a missing texture map.

This parameter can be used to specify a JSON file containing overrides for default property values. See also the -Dcommand line option on mantra and the default render properties in $HH/RenderProperties.json

When baking, instead of writing shading position P raw, it will be normalized to 0~1 based on bounding cube of the UV Object.

When enabled, image planes contained in the output image will be extracted to separate files. The files will be saved alongside the output image, in the format: <basename>.<plane name>.<extension>.

Determines the file format to use when extracting image planes to separate files.

When enabled, intermediate output file (vm_uvoutputpicture) will be deleted after the image planes have been extracted.

This pattern specifies planes which should be extracted in linear color space rather than the color space of the image format. For example, if gamma correction is applied to tangent planes when saving to JPG or Targa images, there can be significant precision lost.

Comma-separated list of planes that will have the alpha channel (copied from the primary plane). Alpha data comes from before the UDIM post-processing. Note that alpha will not be premultiplied, even if the extract format expects it (such as EXR format).

When extracting images for baking, this is the separator string that’s inserted between the filename and the channel name. For with a separator of ., the extracted image might be texture.Nt.png instead of texture_Nt.png.

A whitespace-separated list of shading component names that will be computed for export. If you have defined new component labels in your materials, these can be added to the list so that they are exported for per-component export planes. If you are not using some components, remove them from the list to improve render efficiency.

PBR light exports assume that this list is complete - that is, all components created by shaders are listed. If there are unlisted components, light exports may be missing illumination from these components.

This property is not documented.

Mantra only runs atmosphere shaders after surface shaders have been run. This means that there are no atmosphere shaders run if there are no objects rendered. When this setting is true, a giant box is created surrounding the scene. The box has a matte shader applied. The size of the box is determined by sqrt(1/3) * far_clip (the camera’s far clipping plane).

When geometry has shaders defined on a per-primitive basis, this parameter will override these shaders and use only the object’s shader. This is useful when performing matte shading on objects.

Not supported for per-primitive material assignment (material SOP).

Specifies comma separated list of names for the velocity field for volume primitives.

Normally, mantra will create an internal representation for curve primitives which can be used to accelerate curve intersection. However, this internal representation consumes memory. This setting will avoid creation of the internal representation until it’s actually required by mantra. This improves start-up time and keeps memory down but requires more compute cycles to perform intersections.

For IPR, turning on JIT curves can improve interactivity for scenes with a lot of curves (i.e. hair or fur).

Controls how material overrides are evaluated and output to the IFD.

When set to Evaluate Once, any parameter on the material, that uses channels or expressions, will be evaluated only once for the entire detail. This results in significantly faster IFD generation, due to the material parameter assignment being handled entirely by Mantra, rather than Houdini. Setting the parameter value to Evaluate for Each Primitive/Point will evaluate those parameters for each primitive and/or point. It’s also possible to skip material overrides entirely by setting the parameter value to Disabled.

Geometry SHOP used by the renderer to generate render geometry for this object.

Controls how points from geometry are rendered. At the default settings, No Point Rendering, only points from particle systems are rendered. Setting this value to Render Only Points, will render the geometry using only the point attributes, ignoring all vertex and primitive information. Render Unconnected Points works in a similar way, but only for points not used by any of the geometry’s primitives.

Two attributes control the point primitives if they exist.

Determines the interpretation of how point primitives are rendered. The light-weight point primitives can be rendered as either spheres or circles.

Scales the width of point primitives by the value given. This is applied on top of any point width attribute specified on the geometry.

Detect common Alembic shapes (or other shared packed primitives) and share the geometry when rendering in mantra.

With this option enabled, most attributes defined on the packed primitive cannot be passed to shaders. Since the underlying geometry is shared, there’s no way to change the attribute values for each instance. For example, a Packed Alembic Primitive with a Cd attribute may not render as expected. The exceptions to this are the shop_materialpath and material_override attributes which work as expected (since mantra is able to change these properties independently for each instance).

For efficiency, mantra usually merges separate fragments into a single piece of geometry. This typically uses less geometry and renders more efficiently.

However, since the geometry is merged into a single piece of geometry for rendering, the individual packed fragments are not available for material stylesheets and their attributes aren’t available for the renderstate() function.

Disabling this option will cause each fragment primitive to be rendered as a separate mantra object. This will typically take more memory and may impact rendering performance.

When rendering packed disk sequence primitives, mantra will automatically blend sub-frame geometry to create accurate motion blur. When there are a large number of packed disk sequence primitives, this can use significant memory. By limiting the number of sub-frame blending samples, memory can be decreased.

This option is for very advanced users only.

It’s typically only used for debugging (or possibly for HDK users).

When packed geometry is refined by mantra using the GT HDK classes, this option can be used to specify a Python style dictionary of options that are passed through the GT_RefineParms. This dictionary is loaded into a UT_Options object and passed to the GT_RefineParms::load() method.

When rendering multiple instances as subdivision or displaced surfaces, mantra chooses the "best" level of detail for rendering. Procedurals are only evaluated when they are actually rendered. So, if procedurals share underlying geometry (i.e. Alembic primitives), it’s possible that the level of detail will be chosen before all procedurals have been evaluated. This means that the level of detail may be chosen incorrectly (depending on rendering order).

This option can be set on a per-object basis and will cause all required procedurals to be evaluated so the proper level of detail can be chosen for instanced geometry.

If this option is disabled, mantra will emit warnings when it detects a potential level of detail issue.

Enabling this option may increase render start up time and memory requirements.

When there are nested procedurals, this optimizes the layout of the acceleration structure.

Enabling this option will cause procedurals to use their root transform. The default behavior is to use the leaf’s transform.

This will most notably impact the transform space on packed primitives. If the vm_procuseroottransform is turned on, the object space for the packed primitive will be the space of the object containing the geometry. If the option is turned off, the transform space for a packed primitive will be the local space of the packed primitive (i.e. combining the packed primitive’s transform with the object that contains the geometry).

See also vm_sharedisplace.

Mantra will initialize the N global from the N attribute when rendering point primitives. When disabled (the default), point normals will be initialized to face the camera.

Render metaballs as volumes as opposed to surfaces. The volume quality for metaballs will be set based on the average size of all metaballs in the geometry, so increasing or decreasing the metaball size will automatically adjust the render quality to match.

Enables unit s/t values when rendering curves. Unit t values start at 0 at one end of the curve, and increase to 1 at the tip regardless of the number of bezier segments that comprise the curve. Non-unit t values restart at 0 for each curve segment. Unit s/t values are required for correct shading of fur.

Typically, mantra doesn’t automatically fill in the normal variable for volume primitives. This is because it’s not usually required for lighting and can be expensive to compute.

However, when generating deep raster planes for normals, it’s sometimes useful to have the normals computed, which this option enables.

Toggles the weighting of the global dPdz parameter across the field of view of the camera. This has the effect of normalizing opacity across the projected field.

Enables output of geometry when a procedural shader is assigned. If you know that the procedural you have assigned does not rely on geometry being present for the procedural to operate correctly, you can disable this toggle.

Whether Mantra will try to prevent cracks.

Coving is the process of filling cracks in diced geometry at render time, where different levels of dicing side-by-side create gaps at T-junctions.

The default setting, Coving for displacement/sub-d, only does coving for surfaces with a displacement shader and subdivision surfaces, where the displacement of points can potentially create large cracks. This is sufficient for more rendering, however you may want to use Coving for all primitives if you are using a very low shading rate or see cracks in the alpha of the rendered image.

Do not use Disable coving. It has no performance benefit, and may actually harm performance since Houdini has to render any geometry visible through the crack.

When coving is enabled, this indicates to perform coving by implicitly expanding diced geometry, instead of by creating new polygons, to fill cracks caused by T-junctions where different levels of dicing are side-by-side.

Because no additional polygons are required, this can save memory, but if geometry is expanded too far, it can result in slow raytracing. The Sample Coving Expansion Factor parameter indicates how much to implicitly expand the geometry, relative to the size of each diced piece.

Sample coving does not apply to micropolygon rendering.

When sample coving is enabled with the Use Sample Coving parameter, this dictates how much to implicitly expand diced geometry, relative to the size of each diced piece, to fill cracks caused by T-junctions where different levels of dicing are side-by-side.

If geometry is expanded too far, it can result in slow raytracing. For example, a value of 10 can be quite slow. Setting small negative values, e.g. -0.1, or the minimum allowed value, -1, can help visualize how geometry is diced.

If enabled, geometry that are facing away from the camera are not rendered.

Each object references a geometry object. Houdini geometry allows multiple primitive groups to be defined. If the object:geometrygroup parameter is set to a string, only the primitives which are members of the named group will be rendered by this instance. This allows multiple objects to instance the same geometry, but render different parts.

Not supported for per-primitive material assignment (material SOP).

If there are no normals on an object, this indicates what type of normals to compute before saving the geometry, if any. If this is set to Vertex Normals, any edges with dihedral angles greater than the Cusp Angle for Vertex Normals parameter will be cusped.

If there are no normals on an object, and Add Normals To Geometry is set to Vertex Normals, any edges with dihedral angles greater than this parameter will be cusped.

Whether mantra should compute the N attribute automatically. If the N attribute exists, the value will remain unchanged. However, if no N attribute exists, it will be created. This allows polygon geometry which doesn’t have the N attribute already computed to be smooth shaded.

Not supported for per-primitive material assignment (material SOP).

Specifies the geometry attributes that will have segments created when computing motion blur. The P attribute is included by default.

Turns point instancing on.

Path to the object to instance (may be a subnetwork, light, etc.).

Controls how the point position will be evaluated when transformation blur is enabled on the objects. It does not turn motion blur on for the points. Possible values are off (no motion blur), deform (compute sub-frame geometry), or velocity (use point velocity attribute).

When this option is on (1), the transform of the target (instanced) object is combined with the transform of this object. When this option is off (0), only this object’s transform is used.

Enables the irradiance cache, which can significantly improve the performance of the irradiance and occlusion VEX function calls.

This has no effect when using area lights or the PBR rendering engines. Normally the irradiance cache should only be used with a VEX Global Illumination light or with shaders that use the occlusion() or irradiance() functions.

The file to store the irradiance cache. If multiple objects specify the same file, the cache file will contain samples from all objects.

The read-write mode for the global irradiance file.

The default number of samples used to compute irradiance when the shader doesn’t specify it. In most cases, the shader does specify the value.

The maximum error tolerance between samples in the irradiance map. Normally you should only decrease this value from the default of 0.1 if there are artifacts in the render.

In some cases, you can get a very dense clustering of irradiance samples in the cache. This parameter prevents the clustering by ensuring that there are at least this many pixels between samples. Clustering usually occurs between non-smooth intersections between different primitives.

The maximum screen space between irradiance samples. Lowering this value will force more samples to be computed, creating a more accurate representation of the irradiance information.

The shape of an area light.

• point – No area shape

• line – Line light (unit line along x-axis)

• grid – Grid light (unit square in XY plane)

• disk – Circle shaped light (radius 0.5 in XY plane)

• sphere – Sphere shaped light (radius 0.5)

• environment – Sphere shaped light (infinite radius)

The size of the area light. The sizes are interpreted slightly differently for each shape.

• line – Only the X size is used

• grid – The X & Y size of the grid

• disk – The X & Y radii of the circle

• sphere – The average of the sizes is used as the radius

• environment – Ignored

Only used for the environment light. This specifies an environment map which is used for illuminating the scene. The map may be an HDRI map.

See how to create an environment/reflection map.

For the environment light, whether the light source represents the full sphere or the upper hemisphere

This parameter controls the resolution of the internally generated image used for environment map sampling. The value is the logarithm of the image resolution in the x and y dimensions. The default value of 8 produces a sampling image of resolution 256×256 pixels. Larger values will produce a more accurate render when using high resolution environment maps for environment lighting, but may require additional memory and processing time during startup.

The active radius of the light source can be used to optimize renders. When illuminating a surface, only surfaces within the active radius will be considered.

Example: Consider a car tunnel with lights every 10 meters. If the light has a sharp falloff, then it’s possible to have thousands of lights and still render in a reasonable amount of time. No shaders will be run (neither the illumination nor the shadow shader).

When true, the light will not contribute to diffuse() calls.

When true, the light will not contribute to specular() calls.

Typically handled automatically during IFD generation. A boolean indicating whether the light stores a cache (i.e. indirect and point cloud lights).

This is typically handled automatically for light sources. It’s set to true if the env_mode parameter on environment light is set to background. That is, whether rays are traced against the environment light.

This is typically handled automatically for Sun lights. It is the solid angle (specified in degrees) used to sample the "sun" light.

Controls whether multiple importance sampling samples from the BSDF, the light, or both the BSDF and light.

• -1 – Sample only from the BSDF

• 0 – Sample from both the BSDF and the light

• 1 – Sample only from the light

The default vm_misbias for area lights and environment lights with an environment map is 0.

Environment lights that have no environment map assigned will use a default vm_misbias of -1. This means that sampling will only use BSDF samples for constant environment illumination - which can speed up renders substantially in this situation. As soon as a map is assigned, the MIS bias default is set back to 0. If you add the vm_misbias property it will always override the default.

This parameter controls the path depth beyond which Color Limit clamping is applied.

To improve efficiency when shading transparent objects, mantra will queue a number of transparent surfaces before shading. This specifies the number of surfaces to queue. This can have a dramatic effect on volume rendering for example.

Controls how Mantra deals with rays that reach the ray tracing limit (For example the Reflect Limit or Refract Limit).

In this example, the refract Limit has been set to 2.

Setting At Ray Limit to Use Black Background will simply render black once the limits are reached. This is the default setting and will work in most scenes since the Reflect or Refract Limit is unlikely to be reached. However, in scenes where the limit is noticeable in the rendered image, the black color can be quite noticeable and stand out against the colors in the scene.

In this case, increase the limit until the effect is avoided or use the Use Direct Lighting as Background Color option. This will replace the black color with whichever color or image is used in your direct lighting, for instance an Environment Light.

For More Information about how the settings on an Environment Light affect this parameter see lighting.

When At Ray Limit is set to Use Direct Lighting as Background Color, direct lighting will be used for components in this list that have exceeded their limit. For example, if set to refract reflect only rays that have exceeded the refract/reflect limits would use direct lighting.

When At Ray Limit is set to Use Direct Lighting as Background Color this mask controls which lights contribute to direct lighting.

The number of times a ray can be reflected in your scene.

This example shows a classic “Hall of Mirrors” scenario with the subject placed between two mirrors.

This effectively creates an infinite series of reflections.

From this camera angle the reflection limits are very obvious and have a large impact on the accuracy of the final image. However, in most cases the reflection limit will be more subtle, allowing you to reduce the number of reflections in your scene and optimize the time it takes to render them.

Remember that the first time a light source is reflected in an object, it is considered a direct reflection. Therefore, even with Reflect Limit set to 0, you will still see specular reflections of light sources.

To control what happens when the maximum number of reflections is exceeded, use At Ray Limit.

This parameter control the number of times a ray be refracted in your scene.

This example shows a simple scene with ten grids all in a row.

By applying a refractive shader, we will be able see through the grids to an image of a sunset in the background.



From this camera angle, in order for the image to be accurate, the refraction limit must match the number of grids that that are in the scene. However, most scenes will not have this number of refractive objects all in a row and so it is possible to reduce the refract limit without affecting the final image while also reducing the time it takes to render them.

Keep in mind that this Refract Limit refers to the number of surfaces that the ray must travel through, not the number of objects.

Remember that the first time a light source is refracted through a surface, it is considered a direct refraction. Therefore, even with Refract Limit set to 0, you will see refractions of Light Sources. However, since most objects in your scene will have at least two surfaces between it and the light source, direct refractions are often not evident in your final render.  To control what happens when the maximum number of refraction is exceeded, use At Ray Limit.

The number of times diffuse rays can propagate through your scene.

Unlike the Reflect and Refract Limits, this parameter will increase the overall amount of light in your scene and contribute to the majority of global illumination. With this parameter set above zero diffuse surfaces will accumulate light from other objects in addition to direct light sources.

In this example, increasing the Diffuse Limit has a dramatic effect on the appearance of the final image. To replicate realistic lighting conditions, it is often necessary to increase the Diffuse Limit. However, since the amount of light contribution usually decreases with each diffuse bounce, increasing the Diffuse Limit beyond 4 does little to improve the visual fidelity of a scene. Additionally, increasing the Diffuse Limit can dramatically increase noise levels and render times.

The number of times sub-surface scattering rays can propagate through your scene.

The number of times a volumetric ray can propagate through a scene. It functions in a similar fashion to the Diffuse Limit parameter.

Increasing the Volume Limit parameter will result in much more realistic volumetric effects. This is especially noticeable in situations where only part of a volume is receiving direct lighting. Also, in order for a volumetric object to receive indirect light from other objects, the Volume Limit parameter must be set above 0.

With the Volume Limit set to values above zero, the fog volume takes on the characteristic light scattering you would expect from light traveling through a volume. However, as with the Diffuse Limit, the light contribution generally decreases with each bounced ray and therefore using values above 4 does not necessarily result in a noticeably more realistic image.

Also, increasing the value of this parameter can dramatically increase the amount of time spent rendering volumetric images.

As rays propagate through the scene, they contribute less and less to the final color of the surface. When the contribution becomes less than the ray weight, no further rays will be sent. This is similar to the renderer:opacitylimit. vm_rayweight will not affect volume renders.

Enables random early cut off of ray paths when path tracing. This lets you increase overall path limits (i.e. the Diffuse Limit) while trading off a little stochastic noise for rendering efficiency.

Controls the method used to determine for early cut off of ray paths.

This value affects the probability that ray paths will be cut short. Smaller values will cause paths to be cut off earlier (faster renders).

This parameter specifies the minimum number of bounces that occur before paths can be cut off.

A string containing a space-separated list of property values to save into the output .rat/.tbf file (such as a texture or deep shadow map). You can read the saved values out of a texture using the teximport VEX function in a shader.

The defaults save mostly camera- and image-related properties, but you can save the value of any mantra property, such as renderer:version.

The name of the image creator. By default uses the current user’s log in name.

Houdini, TIFF, PNG formats

A text comment to include in the output file.

Houdini, OpenEXR, PNG formats

The name of the computer where this image was created.

After rendering an EXR image, Mantra can post-process the image to set the data window, store the render time and additional information in the image header. This option disables this post-processing.

After rendering an EXR image, Mantra will determine and record the rectangle of data whose values are above EXR Data Window Threshold in the image planes specified by EXR Data Window Planes, with an added padding of EXR Data Window Padding pixels on each side of the rectangle. This is equivalent to running the iautocrop program on the output image.

When Set EXR Data Window is on, the number of pixels to expand the computed data window on each side. This can give a bit of padding around the data window, if it is needed for filtering purposes in another application.

When Set EXR Data Window is on, include all pixels in any planes specified by EXR Data Window Planes whose values are strictly greater than this value. For example, if the value is 0 and only the A plane is selected, the data window rectangle will include all pixels with opacity greater than zero.

When Set EXR Data Window is on, include all pixels whose values are strictly greater than EXR Data Window Threshold in any of these image planes. This field supports wildcards and removals, like *, to specify all planes, or diffuse* ^diffuse3, to specify all planes whose names start with diffuse, except the diffuse3 plane.

Type of image compression to use in TIFF files. Possible values are "None", "LZW", "AdobeDeflate", "Deflate", "PackBits", "JPEG", "PixarLog", "SGILog", "SGILog24".

Parameter to TIFF compressor. Leave this set to "auto". Possible values are "auto", "none", "horizontal".

Type of image compression to use in RAT (Houdini texture) files. Possible values are "deflate", "none".

Enable generation of MIP MAPS when creating RAT files.

JPEG Quality, integer from 10 to 100.

Color space for Cineon format images. Possible values are "log" (unconverted), and "lin" (linear).

Filename of a Look Up Table file to use for display of Cineon images in MPlay.

White point for Cineon format images, integer from 0 to 1023. The white-point of the image used during quantization. Normally you should leave this parameter at the default value of 1 unless you wish to darken or lighten the image.

Compression type for EXR format images. Possible values are "none", "rle", "zips", "zip", "piz", "pix".

Sets the amount of compression to use with OpenEXR’s DWA compression type. Higher values result in better compression and faster reads, but lower quality.

Storage method for EXR format images. Possible values are "scan" (scanline) and "tile".

Additional attributes to set on EXR format images. The string is interpreted as a Python dictionary, such as {'int_attr':1, 'flt_attr':2.3, 'vec3_attr':(0,1,2), 'str_attr':'foo'}. Any values that cannot be parsed or isn’t recognized, will be silently ignored. The set of Python value types recognized for use as an EXR attributes are: bool, int, float, string, and 3-, 4-, 9-, 16-value tuple and list of float. Due to lack of 4-value vector attributes in the EXR format, the Box type attribute is used instead.

How to interpret mantra’s framebuffer when saving out PNG. Possible values are "premult" or "unpremult". Note that mantra’s framebuffer always stores colors premultiplied by alpha, whereas PNG expects unpremultiplied colors, so using the default setting of "premult", it will correctly interpret the data and predivide RGB channels upon write. If set to "unpremult", then it will assume that the alpha is unassociated and will not touch RGB channels.

"unpremult" option may be used for storing certain effects losslessly (such as emission that’s not tied to opacity and thus does not contribute to alpha), however keep in mind that it will be outside the PNG specification and will be interpreted incorrectly without user intervention.

Controls how MPlay deals with new frames. Possible values are "current" (add rendered frames to MPlay’s current sequence) or "new" (have MPlay start a new sequence).

Controls how MPlay inserts new frames into the current sequence. Possible values are "append" (add new frames on to the end of the current sequence), or "match" (replace frames with the same number in the current sequence).

Sets the background image, which will appear behind the rendered image.

When rendering to MPlay, all Houdini sessions will send the output to the same MPlay flipbook. This can be problematic when running multiple Houdini sessions. The MPlay Label lets you specify a label for the MPlay associated with the output driver. Only renders which match the given label will be sent to that MPlay.

The direction in which MPlay renders the image. Possible values are "middle" (middle out), "top" (top down), or "bottom" (bottom up).

Display gamma for MPlay, from 0.0 to 4.0.

Filename of a Look Up Table file for MPlay.

The image or device where the resulting image will be rendered. You can set this value to ip which renders the image in MPlay, or you can save it to an image. The following image types are supported: .pic, .tif, .sgi, .pic.gz, .rat, .jpg, .cin, .rta, .bmp, .tga, .rad, .exr, and .png.

Include $F in the file name to insert the frame number. This is necessary when rendering animation. See expressions in file names for more information.

The image format or device for the output image. If you leave this at the default value of Infer from filename, the image format will be selected based on the file extension (eg. .pic will automatically generate a Houdini format image.)

Determine how the output driver should deal with existing rendered frames.

This parameter checks only the main image, not any deep raster or secondary images.

Controls how transparent samples are combined to produce the color values for individual pixel samples. The sample filter is used to composite transparent surfaces before the pixel filter produces final pixel colors.

Full Opacity Filtering (fullopacity): When stochastic transparency is enabled, this option causes a channel to be evaluated and composited with every opacity evaluation - as opposed to only being composited with the samples that are selected for full shading. It can be used to produce smoother results for channels that are fast to evaluate such as Ce or direct_emission. When stochastic transparency is disabled, this option behaves the same way as Opacity Filtering.

Specifies the pixel filter used to combine sub-pixel samples to generate the value for the single pixel. The filter is normally specified as a filter type (eg. gauss) followed by an x and y filter width in pixels. To blur the image, increase the filter width.

There are several different pixel filters available.

Dither amount for the image plane.

The storage type for the main image. The type of quantization used will affect image quality and size. If you need to adjust the image’s dynamic range in compositing, you should normally leave this value at the default of 16-bit floating point.

The default is "float16" for the first plane, and "float" for secondary planes. You can override the first plane’s value with the -b command line argument to mantra.

White point for the image plane.

Normally the image resolution is set on the camera object. Turn this on to enable controls that modify or override the camera’s settings.

When Override camera resolution is on and Resolution scale is "User specified resolution", lets you set the resolution of the output image, overriding the settings on the camera.

When Override camera resolution is on, allows you to scale whatever resolution is set on the camera. To completely override the camera’s resolution, choose "User specified resolution".

The pixel aspect ratio represents the width of a pixel divided by the height of a pixel. It is not the aspect ratio of the image (which is determined by the resolution of the image). This parameter does not affect rendering, it is only used to change how images are displayed, by stretching the pixels by this factor.

When you render a target node with this option on using HQueue, the server will split frames to render into separate tiles and render each tile as a separate job. When you render locally with this option on, Mantra will render a single tile instead of the entire frame.

Tiled render can also be enabled using -t command line option to mantra, which can be used to render a tile locally without having to generate an IFD for each tile with Tiled render enabled.

Split the frame into this number of tiles horizontally, when Tile render is on.

Split the frame into this number of tiles vertically, when Tile render is on.

Which tile to render, when rendering locally with Tile render on. Tile numbers start at 0 in the top left and increase left to right, top to bottom.

When enabled, image tile data will be frequently written out to a checkpoint file in the same directory as the output file. If the process is terminated before completing the render, it can then be resumed by turning on Resume from Checkpoint Files and restarting. To specify an alternative checkpoint file name, enable __Checkpoint File Name___.

The checkpoint file will be deleted if the render completes successfully.

When enabled, before rendering, Mantra will look for a checkpoint file corresponding with the current output file, generated by a previous partial render that had Output Checkpoint Files enabled. If possible, Mantra will only render areas that are needed for remaining regions of the output image. To specify an alternative checkpoint file name, enable __Checkpoint File Name___.

If both Output Checkpoint Files and Resume from Checkpoint Files are enabled and a valid checkpoint file is loaded, any additional image tile data rendered will be appended to the checkpoint file.

When enabled, checkpoint files used by Output Checkpoint Files and Resume from Checkpoint Files will be named based on Checkpoint File Name.

When Override Checkpoint File Name is enabled, this specifies the names for checkpoint files used by Output Checkpoint Files and Resume from Checkpoint Files. It can contain expressions.

Normally, sub-pixel samples are filtered using the pixel filter defined on an image plane. When this is turned on, each sub-pixel is output without any pixel filtering performed.

The image:resolution property will be scaled by the image:samples property to determine the actual output image resolution. For example, if image:resolution was (1024,512) and image:samples was (4,6), the image rendered would have a resolution of 4096 by 3072. Each pixel would represent a single unfiltered sub-pixel sample.

This property is not documented.

Renders an image from the viewing camera. Sometimes, it is useful to skip this render, for example, when rendering shadow maps.

Enable or disable shadow map generation. Each light also has its own controls to determine whether shadow maps will be generated.

Enable or disable environment map generation. Each object can be set up to generate an environment map of all the other objects in the scene.

Enable or disable photon map generation.

The shader used to evaluate samples for the PBR rendering engine. If no shader is specified, the default VEX Pathtracer shader is used. Normally you should not need to assign a shader for this parameter unless you are a shader writer and need to make adjustments to the PBR shading algorithm.

The number of photons sent when renderer:renderengine is set to "photon".

Add this property to control the minimum photon acceptance ratio. This parameter is a value between 0 and 1 to control the minimum proportion of photons sent that must be stored before mantra will bail out on photon generation from that light.

When renderer:renderengine is "photon", this determines the photon map file for diffuse photons (irradiance).

When renderer:renderengine is "photon", this determines the photon map file for caustic photons (specular bounces).

When sending photons from this light source, this is the category expression to determine which objects will receive photons.

Controls the proportion of photons that should be generated by this light relative to other lights in the scene. By default, all lights have an equal weight of 1.

Affects the way that photons are traced through the scene. When a photon hits a surface the parameter affects it depending on the selected option. This is only used if the scene has a light (such as the GI Light) that uses photon mapping.

Enable IPR rendering

The IPR rendering mode (blur, sharp or ordered).

Target time to spend on a tile in IPR.

Adaptively update tile sampling.

Controls how much of an effect the adaptive sampling contributes per tile.

Enable IPR image relighting.

Base the number of samples per pass on vm_iprpasssamples. Primarily useful for performance testing.

Sets the number of samples taken per pass, as a multiple of the minimum number of samples per pass. Primarily useful for performance testing.

Only used for performance testing. A fake relighting buffer is created and zeroed.

Allows IPR to use tile sizes less than 64×64 pixels.

IPR mouse radius control.

Always use ray-traced shadows in IPR rendering.

Allows IPR to determine which material style sheets contributed to a pixel in the render output.

The size (in pixels) of the tiles rendered by mantra. Larger tile sizes may consume more memory.

Set the color of the tile borders to indicate which thread was responsible for rendering it. This can be be used to visually check for thread balancing issues.

This property will be used to cull out parts of the volume behind fully opaque portions. After shading of a surface, if the Of variable is less than this threshold, mantra will consider that the surface doesn’t exist and samples will be ignored.

Whether to use a fixed size cache (vm_cachesize) or whether to use a proportion of physical memory (vm_cacheratio)

The proportion of physical memory Mantra will use for its unified cache.

For example, with the default vm_cacheratio of 0.25 and 16 Gb of physical memory, Mantra will use 4 Gb for its unified cache.

The unified cache stores dynamic, unloadable data used by the render including the following:

• 2D .rat texture tiles

• 3D .i3d texture tiles

• 3D .pc point cloud pages (when not preloaded into memory)

• Tessellated meshes required by ray tracing:

  • Displacements

  • Subdivision surfaces

  • Bezier and NURBS primitives

An explicit memory limit for the unified shading cache. This is deprecated in favor of using the Cache Memory Ratio.

Perform hidden surface removal. When hidden surface removal is disabled, all surfaces in the camera’s frustum will be rendered, regardless of whether they are occluded. This can impact render time significantly.

When enabled, automatically set the thread count (renderer:threadcount IFD property) to the number of CPUs of the rendering machine.

When Use Max Processors (renderer:usemaxthreads IFD property) is disabled, sets the number of threads Mantra uses for rendering.

Controls what value is set for $HIP in the IFD file. By default this is the same as $HIP in Houdini, which is usually what you want. However, you may need to set $HIP to something different in the IFD if you are doing interesting things with a render farm, for example.

Controls which style sheets defined in the hip file are embedded into the IFD. Standard Houdini pattern matching is used on each embedded style sheet name.

Specifies which style sheets mantra should apply during rendering. This is a space separated list of either names of style sheets embedded in the hip file, or external JSON files on disk. As with individual styles within a single style sheet, style sheets later in the list take precedence over style sheets earlier in the list.

Enabling this option forces all node bundles to be saved to the IFD. Bundles can be used by style sheets to target objects. If this feature is used in style sheets defined on disk, you may need to enable this option to get the expected results from the style sheets.

Controls which SHOPs are embedded in the generated IFD. This parameter can be used to force all SHOPs or all Material SHOPs to be embedded even if Houdini does not find explicit references to those SHOPs on the output objects and geometry.

Enabling this checkbox will expand any variables in OTL paths, breaking the dependency on Houdini environment variables, but possibly making the IFD less portable.

Mantra is able to load the shader directly from the OTL when Houdini uses a shader defined in an OTL. When shaders are built using VOPs, the shader must be embedded in the IFD. Enabling this option will force Houdini to embed the shaders defined by OTLs.

This option makes the IFD more self-contained so that machines which don’t have the OTL installed (or a different version of the OTL) are able to evaluate the shaders correctly.

However, if you have complicated shaders, embedding them will bloat the size of the IFD significantly.

Whether to enable motion blur sampling for scanline rendering.

Whether to allow motion blur sampling for ray-traced rendering.

Allow depth of field rendering.

Whether to allow ray-tracing. By disallowing ray-tracing no ray-traced shadows, reflections, refractions, etc. will be performed.

Whether to enable the irradiance and occlusion VEX functions. This also controls whether irradiance caching will be enabled.

Whether to enable dicing of displacements/subdivisions. Disabling this setting will have the same effect as disabling Polygons as subdivision on all objects and disabling true displacements on all materials.

Allow interruption of rendering. This is typically enabled for IPR rendering.

Controls the type of ray tracing accelerator used by mantra. A ray tracing accelerator is a spatial data structure used to optimize the performance of ray intersection tests against complex geometry.

Change the memory/performance tradeoff used when constructing KD-Tree acceleration data structures. Values larger than 1 will cause mantra to use proportionally more memory and take longer to optimize the tree in an attempt to make ray tracing faster. Smaller values will cause mantra to use proportionally less memory and take less time to optimize the tree, while possibly compromising ray tracing performance. The default value of 1 will try to balance the amount of memory used by ray tracing data structures with the amount of memory used by geometry.

If you are noticing long tree construction times, try decreasing the KD memory factor to 0.1. If your render is too slow after tree construction, increase the value until you find a good balance of tree construction time vs. render performance.

Enables a ray tracing tree construction algorithm that uses rotations to locally align the axes with the dominant geometric directions. This approach only works on curves, and will usually increase the amount of time required to build the ray tracing tree. However the resulting trees may improve ray tracing performance particularly for bundles of long curves that are not aligned to the x, y, or z axis as can commonly occur when rendering long hair.

The number of curve segments to group together when building ray tracing objects for curves. Larger values will reduce memory use but will decrease performance since the ray tracer needs to attempt more ray intersections. A value of 1 will create one ray tracing object per curve segment resulting in the best possible ray tracing performance but can increase memory use substantially.

Specifies the amount of time to render in seconds, or 0 to render until completion.

By default, mantra lets the system perform a cleanup of the process resources. A quick-exit is very efficient, but this case, mantra won’t do any cleanup itself. This means that custom VEX cleanup functions may not be run.

When true, the object will not be rendered by primary rays. Only secondary rays will hit the object.

(See the Render Visibility property).

If this option is turned off, then the instance will not be rendered. The object’s properties can still be queried from within VEX, but no geometry will be rendered. This is roughly equivalent to turning the object into a transform space object.

See Render Visibility (vm_rendervisibility property).

Controls the visibility of an object to different types of rays using a category expression. This parameter generalizes the Phantom and Renderable toggles and allows more specific control over the visibility of an object to the different ray types supported by mantra and VEX.

• "primary" - Rays sent from the camera

• "shadow" - Shadow rays

• "diffuse" - Diffuse rays

• "reflect" - Reflections

• "refract" - Refractions

For example, to create a phantom object, set the expression to "-primary". To create an unrenderable object, set the expression to the empty string "". These tokens correspond to the string given to "raystyle" in the VEX trace() and gather() functions.

This is set to the "root" of the object tree. In Houdini, this is typically /obj. If object names are specified using relative paths (i.e. light1 or subnet1/light1), this is used to determine the full path. This will be deprecated in the future in favor of category selection.

Render polygons as a subdivision surface. The creaseweight attribute is used to perform linear creasing. This attribute may appear on points, vertices or primitives.

When rendering using OpenSubdiv, in addition to the creaseweight, cornerwieght attributes and the subdivision_hole group, additional attributes are scanned to control the behaviour of refinement. These override any other settings:

• int osd_scheme, string osd_scheme: Specifies the scheme for OSD subdivision (0 or "catmull-clark"; 1 or "loop"; 2 or "bilinear"). Note that for Loop subdivision, the geometry can only contain triangles.

• int osd_vtxboundaryinterpolation: The Vertex Boundary Interpolation method (see vm_osd_vtxinterp for further details)

• int osd_fvarlinearinterpolation: The Face-Varying Linear Interpolation method (see vm_osd_fvarinterp for further details)

• int osd_creasingmethod: Specify the creasing method, 0 for Catmull-Clark, 1 for Chaikin

• int osd_trianglesubdiv: Specifies the triangle weighting algorithm, 0 for Catmull-Clark weights, 1 for "smooth triangle" weights.

The algorithm used to render subdivision surfaces. Currently, this can be either mantra_catclark or osd_catclark.

A primitive group of polygons which should be rendered as a subdivision surface. This is only effective if vm_rendersubd is enabled.

The dicing quality when rendering subdivision surfaces as osd_catclark. This value is multiplied by the shading quality and shading factor to determine the number of refinement levels for the surface.

How subdivision vertex (Houdini point) attributes are interpolated on boundaries.

• 0: Do not interpolate boundaries

• 1: Sharpen edges

• 2: Sharpen edges and corners

How subdivision face varying (Houdini vertex) attributes are interpolated.

• 0: Smooth everywhere ("edge only")

• 1: Sharpen corners only

• 2: Sharpen edges and corners

• 3: Sharpen edges and corners and propagate corners

• 4: Sharpen all boundaries ("always sharp")

• 5: Bilinear interpolation

Controls whether geometry groups are saved to the IFD. Groups can require a significant amount of storage and are normally unused during rendering - so leaving this option disabled will improve IFD generation time and reduce file size.

Mantra will render with depth of field. The parameters controlling depth of field may be found on the camera object.

Mantra will render the image using motion blur. The shutter parameter on the camera determines the duration of the shutter, specified as a fraction of the frame. The Xform Time Samples and Geo Time Samples parameters should be used in motion blur renders to control how motion blur is computed. By default, only transformation motion blur with 2 segments will be computed - meaning that animated SOPs will not produce blur in the render. To enable motion blur for moving geometry, it’s necessary to increase the Geo Time Samples.

This is an advanced property which can be added per object.

If the property is set, SOHO will automatically enable the Engine Procedural for this object. The object network itself will be saved as an HDA in the IFD stream for use by the Engine Procedural. At render time, mantra will take the geometry generated by the Display SOP and instance it to each point in the geometry on the Render SOP’s geometry. For each instance, point attributes on the Render SOP’s points that match parameters on the object network will be applied, allowing for geometry variation at render time.

Mantra has three different levels of support for the engine procedural. These modes are set using the -e command line option (or the MANTRA_ENGINE_PROCEDURAL environment variable):

• none: In this mode, mantra can bypass setting up an environment to evaluate SOP networks. This can improve start-up time for mantra. In most cases, this is an insignificant amount of time.

• basic: Allows generation of point and curve geometry.

• full: Allows generation of any types of geometry. This option will make mantra use an Engine license instead of a Render license.

When the Auto Engine Procedural is set, this property will tell mantra whether to unload the SOP geometry after cooking. Unloading SOP geometry will free up memory in mantra, but may cause some SOP/Object networks to perform additional computation.

When the Auto Engine Procedural is set, this property will tell mantra whether to compute the bounding box LOD and set a lod parameter the HDA. This allows the SOP network to generate different geometry based on the level of detail in mantra.

When the LOD is not required, mantra can share geometry between instances that have the same render parameters (similar to Cache Stamping Geometry parameter on the Copy Stamp SOP). If the LOD is required, mantra can not perform any sharing of geometry.

When the Auto Engine Procedural is set, this property controls whether the instanced geometry should be rotated based on the point attributes. Each instance will always be translated to the instance point, but this parameter controls whether attributes like pscale and N will be applied to the instance transform.

When the Auto Engine Procedural is set, the SOP specified by this property is used to determine the bounds of the generated hair at rendertime.

If not specified or empty the SOP with the display flag is used.

Controls where the blur occurs in the image relative to the position of the object at the current frame. A value of -1 blurs from the position at the previous frame to the position in the current frame. A value of 0 blurs from halfway to the previous frame to halfway to the next frame. A value of 1 blurs from the current position to the position at the next frame. You can use fractional frame values and values greater than -1 or 1 to move the blur less or more.

To change the size of the blur, change the Shutter time (shutter property).

This parameter replaces the old Motion blur style (motionstyle) parameter, which only allows values of "before" (shutter offset=-1), "center" (shutter offset=0), and "after" (shutter offset=1).

The number of transformation blur motion samples. Each object (unless the parameter exists on the object) will have this many transforms output over the shutter duration. Increasing this number will result in smoother sub-frame motion, at a small memory and compute expense. Any number of segments may be specified, though the default of 2 is often adequate unless significant nonlinear motion occurs within the shutter time for a frame.

The number of deformation blur motion samples. Each object (unless the parameter exists on the object) will have this many copies of the geometry included in the IFD. When an object is deforming it is necessary to increase this parameter to a value of 2 to see motion blurred geometry. Any number of segments may be specified, though a value of 2 is often adequate unless significant nonlinear motion occurs within the shutter time for a frame.

This option has no effect on objects which use velocity blur, since velocity blur is linear by nature.

Any number of segments may be specified; however, duplicate geometry is sent down for each sample which may significantly impact the memory footprint of mantra.

See understanding mantra rendering for more information.

Though this IFD token has an integer value, it’s also possible to set the value through a string value.

• micropoly – Micropolygon scanline rendering (default).

• raytrace – All rendering will be performed using ray-tracing.

• pbrmicropoly – Physically Based Rendering using micro-polygon scanline rendering

• pbrraytrace – Physically Based Rendering using ray-tracing only.

• photon – Photon map generation.

Enable or disable raytrace motion blur for micro-polygon rendering and photon map generation. By default, raytrace motion blur is disabled. This setting has no effect on the ray tracing rendering engines.

The lens focal distance and distance from the camera at which objects will be in focus. This is only used when rendering using depth of field. Objects outside this distance will be blurred.

Lens fstop. This is only used when rendering using depth of field. Determines blurriness of depth of field effects.

The portion of the frame interval that the camera shutter is open. Used to determine motion blur. [0,1]

See Shutter offset (shutteroffset property).

If enabled, this object’s rendered motion blur will be based upon the vector attribute named v in the geometry. The units of the attribute are in (1 unit/second).

Velocity motion blur should be used if it contains changing point counts since it cannot be rendered correctly with deformation motion blur. For example, a particle system with changing particle counts should use this option.

You can use Velocity blur on these types of objects as long as they have valid v attributes. Particles automatically have the "v" attribute so if you are rendering particles, simply enable this parameter.

Controls anamorphic depth of field by changing the aspect ratio for the ellipse of confusion. Values between 0 and 1 will increase the amount of blur in the Y direction. Values larger than 1 will decrease the amount of blur in Y.

Controls the number of primary rays Mantra will use to sample your scene per pixel. The two numbers represent an arrangement of samples in the X and Y axis and are generally the same number. However, for non-square pixels it may be necessary to use different values in X and Y. Multiplying these two values together will give you the number of primary rays per pixel.

Increasing Pixel Samples will result in a cleaner, higher quality image. However, since all other sampling values are multiplied by the number of Pixel Samples, they should only be increased when necessary. For more details on when to increase Pixel Samples, see the “Removing Noise” section.

When enabled, this parameter will cause Mantra to use ray variance antialiasing when determining the number of Secondary Rays to send for every Primary Ray.

This means that rather than using a specific number of rays, Mantra will first send out a small number of rays and use this sample set to evaluate the Variance. Depending on the amount of various, Mantra will continue to send more rays up to the Max Ray Samples value. Ray Variance Antialiasing is useful for optimizing your render by sending more rays only in the areas they are needed.

In cases where the minimum number of rays to remove noise is equal to the maximum number of rays, you may save a small amount of render time by disabling Ray Variance Antialiasing.

When Ray Variance anti-aliasing is enabled, this parameter represents the maximum number of secondary rays allowed for each BSDF type even if the Noise Level is never reached. This parameter, along with Min Ray Samples, essentially allows you to create a range of acceptable sampling for your image. Carefully controlling the total number of potential rays is the best way to optimize your renders.

Remember, this number is multiplied by the current number of Pixel Samples and the number of BSDF types on the material being evaluated. For example, if it’s a purely diffuse material, and Pixel Samples are set to 3×3, and the Max Ray Samples is set to 1, then it will cast up to 9 secondary rays (9 diffuse rays). If the material is both reflective and refractive, then it will cast up to 18 secondary rays (9 reflection and 9 refraction rays).

For more details on when to increase Max Ray Samples, see removing noise.

This value is the minimum number of secondary rays to use for each BSDF type when generating an image. When Ray Variance anti-aliasing is disabled, this number represents the number of secondary rays to send regardless of the Noise Level.

Remember, this number is multiplied by the current number of Pixel Samples and the number of BSDF types on the material being evaluated.

Represents a threshold in the amount of variance allowed before mantra will send more secondary rays. Variance essentially represents how “spread out” the values in a set of samples are. For instance, a set of samples that were all the same would have a variance of 0. It is generally a good idea to keep this value as high as possible so that rays are sent only into those areas where an unacceptable amount of noise is present.

Adding “direct samples” and “indirect samples” image planes can help you track how many samples are being sent and to which parts of the image. For more information about sampling, see the “Sampling and Noise” section.

If you find that certain objects in your scene require substantially more samples than other parts of your image and you are unable to “target” those objects using the Noise Level parameter, it may be a better idea to add per-object sampling parameters to the problem areas. See removing noise for more details.

Acts as a global multiplier on all per-component quality parameters. This allows you to increase/decrease quality, keeping the relative per-component qualities the same.

Controls the quality of indirect diffuse sampling (for information on the difference between direct and indirect rays, see sampling and noise). Often, indirect sources of light (such as the surfaces of other objects, and light scattered inside of a volume) will be a significant cause of noise in your renders. Turning this up should decrease this type of noise, at the cost of slowing down rendering.

This parameter acts as a multiplier on Min Ray Samples and Max Ray Samples and also as a divisor for Noise Level. For example, if you have Min Ray Samples set to 1, May Ray Samples set to 8 and your Noise Level to 0.1, then set Diffuse Quality to 2, Mantra will send between 2 and 16 secondary diffuse ray samples based on a Noise Level of 0.05. Remember these numbers apply only to the indirect samples. Mantra uses the original values for all direct sampling.

To find how much noise is in your indirect diffuse component, add the "Indirect Lighting (per-component)" image plane in the Extra Image Planes tab. This lets you check each indirect component individually. For this parameter, you should check the Indirect Diffuse component.

Controls the quality of indirect sss sampling (for information on the difference between direct and indirect rays, see sampling and noise). Often, indirect sources of light (such as the surfaces of other objects, and light scattered inside of a volume) will be a significant cause of noise in your renders. Turning this up should decrease this type of noise, at the cost of slowing down rendering.

This parameter acts as a multiplier on Min Ray Samples and Max Ray Samples and also as a divisor for Noise Level. For example, if you have Min Ray Samples set to 1, May Ray Samples set to 8 and your Noise Level to 0.1, then set SSS Quality to 2, Mantra will send between 2 and 16 secondary SSS ray samples based on a Noise Level of 0.05. Remember these numbers apply only to the indirect samples. Mantra uses the original values for all direct sampling.

To find how much noise is in your indirect SSS component, add the "Indirect Lighting (per-component)" image plane in the Extra Image Planes tab. This lets you check each indirect component individually.

Controls the quality of indirect refraction sampling (for information on the difference between direct and indirect rays, see sampling and noise). Indirect refractions (refracted light from of other objects in the scene, such as when viewing an object through glass) can sometimes add noise to the render. Turning this up should decrease this type of noise, at the cost of slowing down rendering.

This parameter acts as a multiplier on Min Ray Samples and Max Ray Samples and also as a divisor for Noise Level. For example, if you have Min Ray Samples set to 1, May Ray Samples set to 8 and your Noise Level to 0.1, then set Refract Quality to 2, Mantra will send between 2 and 16 secondary refraction ray samples based on a Noise Level of 0.05. Remember these numbers apply only to the indirect samples. Mantra uses the original values for all direct sampling.

To find how much noise is in your indirect refraction component, add the "Indirect Lighting (per-component)" image plane in the Extra Image Planes tab. This lets you check each indirect component individually. For this parameter, you should check the Indirect Refraction component.

Controls the quality of indirect reflection sampling (for information on the difference between direct and indirect rays, see sampling and noise). Indirect reflections (reflections of other objects in the scene) can sometimes add noise to the render. Turning this up should decrease this type of noise, at the cost of slowing down rendering.

This parameter acts as a multiplier on Min Ray Samples and Max Ray Samples and also as a divisor for Noise Level. For example, if you have Min Ray Samples set to 1, May Ray Samples set to 8 and your Noise Level to 0.1, then set Reflect Quality to 2, Mantra will send between 2 and 16 secondary reflection ray samples based on a Noise Level of 0.05. Remember these numbers apply only to the indirect samples. Mantra uses the original values for all direct sampling.

To find how much noise is in your indirect reflection component, add the "Indirect Lighting (per-component)" image plane in the Extra Image Planes tab. This lets you check each indirect component individually. For this parameter, you should check the Indirect Reflection component.

Controls the quality of indirect volume sampling (for information on the difference between direct and indirect rays, see sampling and noise). Often, indirect sources of light (such as the surfaces of other objects, and light scattered inside of a volume) will be a significant cause of noise in your renders. Turning this up should decrease this type of noise, at the cost of slowing down rendering.

This parameter acts as a multiplier on Min Ray Samples and Max Ray Samples and also as a divisor for Noise Level. For example, if you have Min Ray Samples set to 1, May Ray Samples set to 8 and your Noise Level to 0.1, then set Volume Quality to 2, Mantra will send between 2 and 16 secondary volume ray samples based on a Noise Level of 0.05. Remember these numbers apply only to the indirect samples. Mantra uses the original values for all direct sampling.

To find how much noise is in your indirect volume component, add the "Indirect Lighting (per-component)" image plane in the Extra Image Planes tab. This lets you check each indirect component individually. For this parameter, you should check the Indirect Volume component.

Sampling color space for variance antialiasing. Setting this to Gamma 2.2 will cause darker parts of the image to receive more samples.

Decouples the Direct from Indirect Rays, allowing for different sampling rates as well as separate noise levels. Generally speaking, it will only be necessary to enable this parameter if you find that too many samples are being sent as Direct Rays.

Adding “direct samples” and “indirect samples” image planes can help you track how many samples are being sent and to which parts of the image. For more information about sampling, see the “Sampling and Noise” section.

This parameter will enable three new parameters: Min Indirect Ray Samples, Max Indirect Ray Samples, and Indirect Noise Level.

To understand the difference between Direct and Indirect rays, see sampling and noise.

The minimum number of indirect rays to use when generating an image. Generally speaking indirect rays are used when sampling other objects and their material properties. For more information about indirect rays see “Sampling and Noise”.

Remember, like the previous Ray Sample limits, this value is multiplied by the current number of Pixel Samples.

The maximum number of indirect rays to use when generating an image, even if the Indirect Noise level is never reached. This parameter, along with Min Indirect Ray Samples, essentially allows you to create a range of acceptable sampling for your image. Carefully controlling the total number of potential rays is the best way to optimize your renders.

Remember, this number is multiplied by the current number of Pixel Samples.

For more details on when to increase Max Indirect Ray Samples, see removing noise.

A threshold in the amount of variance allowed before mantra will send more indirect rays. Variance essentially represents how “spread out” the values in a set of samples are, a set of samples that were all the same would have a variance of 0. It is generally a good idea to keep this value as high as possible so that rays are sent only into those areas where an unacceptable amount of noise is present.

Adding “direct samples” and “indirect samples” image planes can help you track how many samples are being sent and to which parts of the image. For more information about sampling, see the “Sampling and Noise” section.

If you find that certain objects in your scene require substantially more samples than other parts of your image and you are unable to “target” those objects using the Noise Level parameter, it may be a better idea to add per-object sampling parameters to the problem areas. See removing noise for more details.

The relative number of illumination samples to be used for the light source. Sampling Quality is relative to the ray sampling parameters (vm_minraysamples and vm_maxraysamples).

A floating point value which adds noise to pixel sampling patterns. A value of 1 will fully randomize pixel sampling patterns, while a value of 0 turns of pixel jitter resulting in stairstep artifacts when too few pixel samples are used. Jitter only applies to pixel antialiasing and does not apply to motion blur or depth of field sampling (which are always randomized).

Adjusting this parameter will cause the pixel sampling patterns used by Mantra to be regenerated in different configurations. By default, the patterns change on every frame, so manually changing this value is not necessary.

Sampling generally occurs in random patterns which change on every frame of an animation. This can cause a distracting “buzz” when there is a significant amount of noise in your images which can make evaluation of other aspects of the scene difficult. Enabling this parameter will “lock” the sampling patterns so that the noise remains the same on every frame.

Also, in some cases where the final rendered images will be sent through a post-render de- noise process, it can be useful to have the noise remain constant frame to frame. Consistent sampling patterns can help when analyzing the noise.

It defaults to “off” because it is generally unacceptable to have a locked sampling pattern for final sequences.

For scenes using both motion blur and depth of field, mantra’s default image sampling patterns correlate the time and depth of field samples. This has the effect of reducing noise, but can lead to correlation artifacts (banding) in the render in parts of the image where there is both significant motion blur and depth of field. Decorrelating depth of field from motion blur by enabling this setting will eliminate these banding artifacts while increasing the noise in the render.

For micropolygon rendering, there is a performance penalty when enabling this property, since mantra optimizes micropolygon rendering for correlated depth of field sampling patterns. There is no performance penalty for ray tracing.

Filter kernel used in depth of field rendering. Use the pop-up menu to the right of the text box to choose from the available options.

The file to use for "file" shaped bokeh. White/black cutout images that delineate the shape of the lens are good candidates, where white regions represent the areas that light passes through.

The rotation for "file" shaped bokeh.

A scale on the native step size that determines how finely mantra will subdivide the velocity blur ray tracing cage. For voxel volume primitives, the default of 0.1 means to take one velocity sample every 10 voxels. Smaller values will speed up renders but may introduce inaccuracy in the resulting motion blur.

How finely or coarsely a volume is sampled as a ray travels through it. Volumetric objects are made up of 3d structures called Voxels, the value of this parameter represents the number of voxels a ray will travel through before performing another sample.

The default value is 0.25, which means that every one of every four voxels will be sampled. A value of 1 would mean that all voxels are sampled and a value of 2 would mean that all voxels are sampled twice. This means that the volume step rate value behaves in a similar way to pixel samples, acting as a multiplier on the total number of samples for volumetric objects.

For volumes that aren’t voxel based, like CVEX procedural volumes, Mantra will divide the bounding box of the volume into roughly 100 “virtual” voxels. In these cases, setting the Volume Step Rate correctly is essential to maintaining the correct level of detail.

Keep in mind that increasing the volume step rate can dramatically increase render times, so it should only be adjusted when necessary. Also, while increasing the default from 0.25 can reduce volumetric noise, increasing the value beyond 1 will rarely see similar results.

For more information about volume sampling, see sampling and noise.

Whether to render this object as if it was a uniform-density volume. Using this property on surface geometry is more efficient than actually creating a volume object of uniform density, since the renderer can assume that the volume density is uniform and place samples more optimally. The surface normal of the surface is used to determine which side of the surface will render as a volume - the normal will point away from the interior. The surface need not be closed - if the surface is not closed, the volume will extend an infinite distance away from the surface. Non-closed surfaces may produce unexpected results near the edge of the surface, so try to keep the viewing camera away from the edges. This parameter is compatible with ray tracing and PBR but not micropolygon renders.

Determines the type of uniform volume. Continuous samples along a series of points within the intersected volume object. Segment samples once per-segment within the intersected volume object.

When there are flipped normals due to reversed geometry or self intersections, mantra may misjudge volume spans and cause artifacts in render. Mantra will try to correct for such a case, provided that the distances between the intersections fall within this threshold.

When rendering a uniform volume (vm_uniformvolume is enabled), this setting controls whether the surface is also rendered. If you enable this setting, the surface shader should handle both volume and surface samples by checking the value of the dPdz global - when it is 0 the shader should render a surface, otherwise a volume.

Rather than generating samples inside a volume, this setting will configure the renderer so that it automatically finds an isosurface of the volume density field and renders this as a surface. The vm_volumedensity parameter is used as a threshold to control the isosurface density threshold. You should use an ordinary surface shader when rendering volumes with this setting enabled - not a volume rendering surface shader.

By default, the isosurface is found by ray marching through the volume to find points where the threshold density is crossed. This means that to improve render accuracy, you can increase the vm_volumesteprate parameter. Some volume types use a native accelerated isosurface search technique in which case the volume step rate is ignored and the isosurface is determined analytically for that particular type of volume. VDB volumes, for example, use this analytic isosurface rendering approach. The vm_volumeisodefault parameter can be used to disable this native intersection algorithm.

Disable native volume isosurface for this object when vm_volumeiso is enabled. This parameter will only affect volume types that have a native isosurface algorithm - including VDB volumes.

When vm_volumeuniform is on, the uniform density of the object’s volume. This value must be the same on the object as on the Volume Cloud shader. When vm_volumeiso is on, this value specifies the threshold density value for isosurface rendering.

The number of samples to generate when rendering a uniform volume (vm_uniformvolume is enabled). The samples will be distributed so as to produce an equal image contribution if they were all equal in brightness.

A factor to proportionally decrease the volume step rate only for shadows, relative to the volume step rate. Smaller values will cause mantra to use a larger ray march step size for shadow rays than other shading rays. A value of 1 will produce equal quality for shadow rays and shading rays.

Specifies the minimum density value that will be rendered. Using a larger zero threshold can improve rendering performance by reducing the amount of shading and sampling that occurs in nearly empty parts of the volume. Using too large a zero threshold can introduce clipping artifacts in the render.

Specifies the volume channel by name that will be used for empty space culling. By default mantra will use the 'density' channel if it exists. If you are rendering an emissive volume in which some parts of the volume have a 0 density but still need to be rendered, you should specify a different channel using this parameter. If the specified channel is not found, mantra will assume that the entire volume needs to be rendered and no culling will occur. The sampling channel should be structured such that values less than the vm_volumezerothresh indicate empty space.

Used for uniform volumes when doing inside/outside tests.

The number of transparent samples to be shaded as a ray travels through translucent objects. Increasing this value will result in less noise in translucent objects and is generally less costly than increasing Pixel samples, Volume Step Rate, or Min and Max ray samples. Stochastic Sampling will not have any effect on noise from Indirect Sources however.

This may make the image noisier than without stochastic transparency, so you may need to compensate by, for example, increasing the pixel samples. You should generally leave this option on.

The renderer ignores this option for micropolygon rendering (except for secondary ray tracing) and for renders that only generate opacity (such as deep shadow maps). In those cases it is more efficient to composite all the transparent shading results.

Added in Houdini 12.

The number of transparent samples to shade when Stochastic Transparency is on. Higher values improve shading quality for volumes and transparent surfaces, but are slower to render.

This parameter is related to the motion blur parameters which are available only when Motion Blur is enabled. Disabling this option will cause motion blur to be removed from the final rendered image, however the blurred Position will still be calculated, allowing for custom motion vector image planes to be created. For more information, see motion blur.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

When the object has matte shading enabled, this shader is used for primary ray shading instead of the surface shader.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

This property is not documented.

On object nodes, this parameter defines a material style sheet to be applied to this object' geometry. A material style sheet determines the geometry look by assigning various shaders and materials to different pieces of the geometry (primitives) and by overriding shader parameters for rendering just these pieces.

The style sheet definition in this parameter is specified using a JSON format, but can be edited in Data Tree pane with Material Style Sheets view.

A space-separated list of component types that will behave like diffuse bounces. This will affect which reflection scope is used based on the ray type and also which bounce limit to use. Uncategorized component types are assumed to be reflections.

A space-separated list of component types that will behave like refract bounces. This will affect which reflection scope is used based on the ray type and also which bounce limit to use. Uncategorized component types are assumed to be reflections.

A space-separated list of component types that will behave like volume bounces. This will affect which reflection scope is used based on the ray type and also which bounce limit to use. Uncategorized component types are assumed to be reflections.

A space-separated list of component types that will behave like subsurface scatter bounces. This will affect which reflection scope is used based on the ray type and also which bounce limit to use. Uncategorized component types are assumed to be reflections.

To save on computation, mantra will only compute exports on surface shaders if the variable needs to be saved to an image plane. This means that some surface exports may not be available in fog shaders for the simport() function. This parameter specifies a list of variables which need to be computed for fog shaders.

To save on computation, mantra will only compute exports on surface shaders if the variable needs to be saved to an image plane. This means that some surface exports may not be available in fog shaders for the simport() function. However, to properly render advanced features like absorption and nested dielectrics, additional exports from surface shaders are required. This enables on these special exports.

The type of path tracing to perform in PBR mode.

• diffuse – Trace all diffuse and specular bounces, but once a diffuse bounce is encountered continue tracing only diffuse reflections.

• all – All paths are traced. This option can be used to enable rendering of caustics without the use of photon maps - however when using point or small area lights, the rendered result can turn out to be extremely noisy.

Roughness parameter in GGX BSDFs are clamped by the maximum roughness value propagated down the ray chain in pathtracing. Enabling this option can cut out a lot of noise in indirect specular (in particular, cases where glossy surface is reflected by a rough specular surface) at the cost of a bit of accuracy.

The shader used to evaluate samples for the experimental generator rendering engine.

The space in which you specify displacement bounds.

• "object" – Displacements occur in object space.

• "camera" – Displacements occur in camera space.

• "world" – Default, currently an alias for camera.

The maximum bounds for volume velocity motion blur. It is only necessary to configure this parameter when using velocity motion blur with custom volume procedurals, since mantra already computes an accurate bound for built-in volume types.

With extreme displacement, it’s possible to get micro-polygons which are stretched far out of shape. Turning re-dicing on will cause the geometry to be re-measured after a trial displacement, to get a much better estimate of the actual size of the displaced geometry. This will result in micro-polygons which have a much more uniform size and will most likely provide higher quality images. This is more costly since the displacement shader may be run twice during the dicing process.

This property has no effect for volume displacements.

When enabled, the object’s surface shader will be replaced with a matte shader for primary rays. The default matte shader causes the object to render as fully opaque but with an alpha of 0 - effectively cutting a hole in the image where the object would have appeared. This setting is useful when manually splitting an image into passes, so that the background elements can be rendered separately from a foreground object. The default matte shader is the "Matte" VEX shader, though it is possible to set a different matte shader by adding the vm_matteshader render property and assigning another shader. Secondary rays will still use the object’s assigned surface shader, allowing it to appear in reflections and indirect lighting even though it will not render directly.

For correct matte shading of volumes:

1. Add the vm_matteshader property to the object.

2. Create a Volume Matte shader.

3. Set the density on this shader to match the density on the geometry shader.

4. Assign this shader to vm_matteshader.

Then when the Matte Shading toggle is enabled, it will use your custom volume matte shader rather than the default (which just sets the density to 1). If you want fully opaque matte, you can use the matte shader rather than volume matte.

When running displacement shaders, whether the VEX variable P is actually moved (true displacement) or whether bump mapping will be performed.

When true displacements is enabled, use the displacement as a bump map in addition to displacing the geometry. Enabling this option can increase apparent detail without incurring the cost of an increase in shading quality. Essentially, mantra is using true displacements up to the shading quality, and then adding the remaining detail by modifying the shading normal N.

Some volume primitives (Geometry Volumes, Image3D) can use a filter during evaluation of volume channels. This specifies the filter. The default box filter is fast to evaluate and produces sharp renders for most smooth fluid simulations. If your voxel data contains aliasing (stairstepping along edges), you may need to use a larger filter width or smoother filter to produce acceptable results. For aliased volume data, gauss is a good filter with a filter width of 1.5.

• point

• box

• gauss

• bartlett

• blackman

• catrom

• hanning

• mitchell

This specifies the filter width for the object:filter property. The filter width is specified in number of voxels. Larger filter widths take longer to render and produce blurrier renders, but may be necessary to combat aliasing in some kinds of voxel data.

Shade every sample rather than shading micropolygon vertices. This setting enables the raytrace rendering on a per-object basis.

When micro-polygon rendering, shading normally occurs at micro-polygon vertices at the beginning of the frame. To determine the color of a sample, the corner vertices are interpolated. Turning on object:rayshade will cause the ray-tracing shading algorithm to be invoked. This will cause each sample to be shaded independently. This means that the shading cost may be significantly increased. However, each sample will be shaded at the correct time, and location.

Currently not supported for per-primitive material assignment (material SOP).

Global raytracing bias to be used for PBR rendering, specified in world space units. Increase the raytracing bias only if doing so eliminates rendering artifacts in your render. For really small scenes (1 unit in size), it is sometimes necessary to decrease the raytracing bias.

Controls the distance between the shading position and the generated points used for ray tracing derivative calculations as a multiple of the pixel size. Smaller values will produce sharper results at the expense of possible numerical stability problems. If you are using bump mapping on geometry with inconsistent tangent vectors, decrease this value to eliminate artifacts in the render. This value is not a scale on the derivative size, only an accuracy control.

When enabled, ray tracing derivatives will use a randomly oriented s/t basis as opposed to the default geometric basis. This property can be used to reduce shading artifacts that arise due to abrupt changes in parameter directions at surface boundaries, particularly when computing normals from high frequency patterns. Ray tracing derivatives include all values computed using the Du(), Dv(), computenormal(), and the dPds/dPdt globals. The s and t shading globals are unaffected by this property.

When micro-polygon rendering, shading normally occurs at micro-polygon vertices at the beginning of the frame. Enabling this checkbox causes the vertex colors to be Gouraud shaded to determine the color for a sample.

Turn this checkbox off when you are trying to match a background plate to eliminate any filtering which might occur on the plate. The Gouraud interpolation will cause softening of the map.

The space or comma separated list of categories to which this object belongs.

Currently not supported for per-primitive material assignment (material SOP).

A list of patterns. Lights matching these patterns will illuminate this object. You can use wildcards (for example, key_*) and bundle references to specify lights.

You can also use the link editor pane to edit the relationships between lights and objects using a graphical interface.

The object:lightmask property in Mantra is a computed property containing the results of combining light categories and light masks.

A space-separated list of categories. Lights in these categories will illuminate this object.

A list of patterns. Objects matching these patterns will reflect in this object. You can use wildcards (for example, key_*) and bundle references to specify objects.

You can also use the link editor pane to edit the relationships between lights and objects using a graphical interface.

The object:reflectmask property in Mantra is a computed property containing the results of combining reflection categories and reflection masks.

A space-separated list of categories. Objects in these categories will reflect in this object.

A list of patterns. Objects matching these patterns will be visible in refraction rays. You can use wildcards (for example, key_*) and bundle references to specify objects.

You can also use the link editor pane to edit the relationships between lights and objects using a graphical interface.

The object:refractmask property in Mantra is a computed property containing the results of combining reflection categories and reflection masks.

A space-separated list of categories. Objects in these categories will be visible in refraction rays.

When biases are used in VEX shaders, the bias can either be performed along the ray direction or along the surface normal. If this parameter is turned on, biasing will be along the surface normal - using the Ng VEX variable.

If the ray direction and normal point in different directions, the normal will first be flipped and then biasing will be performed in the direction of the flipped normal. This setting is particularly useful when ray traced surfaces that are seen edge-on.

Normally, emission ("Ce") will contribute to secondary rays such as reflections. This setting disables emission for secondary rays so that it only affects primary rays or directly visible light. This setting is useful to avoid double-counting emission when it is already handled by another object or light.

By default, when instancing is used with displacements, the displaced geometry will be created uniquely for each instance, since it’s possible that the displacements may differ based on the world-space position of each instance. This default behavior will guarantee correct results but it can be inefficient since mantra needs to keep a separate copy of the displaced geometry for each instance. When this setting is enabled, mantra will share a single copy of the displaced geometry between all instances, and assumes that the displacement shader only uses the object space position to determine the displaced position and normal.

The dicing quality used when displacements are shared will be the dicing quality for the instance that is closest to the camera. Therefore, instances that are farther from the camera may incur a greater rendering cost when this setting is enabled, but overall memory use will usually be lower.

When sharing displacements on packed primitives, there’s a very subtle issue which may cause issues with popping displacements. The vm_procuseroottransform toggle is on by default. This means the object space for the packed geometry will not include the transform on the packed primitive itself, only the transform on the object containing the packed primitives. This is important when doing geometry/volume lighting so that point clouds will all be in the space of the single object. However, when there are shared displacements, the displacement should be computed in the space of the unpacked geometry (i.e. including the transform on the packed primitive). If you want to use shared displacements on packed primitives, you should turn off the vm_procuseroottransform parameter.

The pattern of object names which are considered for ray-traced shadows.

The pattern of object categories which are considered for ray-traced shadows.

VEX profiling lets you do analyze shader performance. Turning this on will slow down shading, especially when NAN detection is turned on.

When NAN detection is turned on, each instruction executed in VEX will be checked for invalid arithmetic operations. This will check for division by 0, numeric overflow, invalid operations. Errors like this will typically result in white or black pixels in the resulting image.

Increasing this value will cause more information to be printed out during rendering. To see render time and memory information, set the verbosity level to 1. To see more detailed information about the render, set this parameter to 3. Larger values print out progressively more information.

A percentage complete value is printed out as tiles are finished. This is in the style expected by Pixar’s Alfred render queue.

The following is an example of timing information and how to read it.

Render Time: 4.52u 6.30s 4.24r Memory:  23.40 MB of 23.59 MB arena size.  VM Size: 345.11 MB

• The u value is the user time in seconds mantra took to render the image.

  Note

  This value might not be 100% accurate depending on the OS and other system variables. On Linux, this value will indicate the total time for all threads to render, so rendering with more than one processor may inflate the user time.

• The s value is the system overhead incurred in rendering the frame (disk io, swap, etc.). A large system time may indicate a large amount of time spend reading or writing files.

• The r value is the wall clock time to render. This is the most important value as it gives a clear indication for the total amount of time spent rendering.

• Arena size is the amount of memory mantra allocated to actually render the image. It does not reflect how much memory mantra actually used.

• VM size is the virtual memory size for the mantra program. This is the amount of memory reported by the operating system and may significantly exceed the amount of memory that mantra is actually using.

Mantra needs to grab continuous chunks of memory as it builds the data structures. Once it frees up the data, the operating system controls the arena size shrinking it where it finds continuous chunks of memory back to the free pool of available memory. This is called memory allocation and memory deallocation. You don’t want the arena size much larger than the actual memory used.

This property specifies a python callback which can be called at the completion of each tile rendered. There is a "built-in" "mantra" module which allows information to be queried. There is a single function available in the mantra module. The "property" function allows querying of any global rendering property as well as some other special properties. The result of the property call is always a list of values.

The special properties queried may be…

• tile:ncomplete – The number of tiles which have been completed.

• tile:ntiles – The total number of tiles in the image.

• tile:laptime – The number of seconds taken to render the last tile.

• tile:totaltime – The total number of seconds to render since the render began. This does not include time to load the scene, but rather is defined as the time since the first tile began rendering.

• tile:coords – The tile bounding box (in pixels).

• tile:memory – The amount of RAM in use by mantra.

import mantra
import sys

tile = mantra.property("tile:ncomplete")(0)
if tile == 1
    print mantra.property("renderer:name")
    print mantra.property("renderer:version")

Specifies a list of cameras to be used for rendering. The native operator type for the stereo camera has this property and by default specifies two regular cameras for the left and right points of view.

Is a string appended to the file name. This string is usually specified by the cameras included in the vm_cameralist property of another camera, and is appended to the vm_picture file name string of the render node before saving the rendered image to a file. It is used for disambiguating left and right images for a given frame. This suffix is added to the base filename and will come before the filename extension.

Is non-zero if the camera represents the left view point in a stereoscopic setup.

Is non-zero if the camera represents the right view point in a stereoscopic setup.

Selects the method used to unwrap from the 'UV Object'.

The texture baking output format:

When texture baking to UDIM images, this is the name of the texture coordinate attribute used for unwrapping.

When texture baking to UDIM images, this specifies the resolution of the UDIM images.

Controls the sharpness of baked textures. Higher values produce sharper results.

When performing texture baking, this parameter will create any intermediate directories before creating the baked texture images.

When UV baking from a high-res object to a low-res cage, normally you want to turn off rendering of the low-res cage. Turning off this option will disable that feature.

This parameter controls the light components excluded during bake renders. When baking it is common to render only view-independent components such as "diffuse". The default value of -diffuse & -volume will only render diffuse and volume light paths.

When baking to a Ptex image, this specifies the tile resolution for the smallest faces in the model.

When baking to a Ptex image, this specifies the largest resolution for any individual face in the model.

When baking to a Ptex image, mantra will measure the world-space size of all the faces in the image. Each face’s tile resolution will be determined by the relative size of the face compared with the smallest faces in the model (unless Ptex Use Relative Scale is disabled). The tile resolution of a given face is given by clamp(curr_size/min_size * ptexmapminres * ptexmapscale, ptexmapminres, ptexmapmaxres).

When baking to a Ptex image, mantra will look for primitive-level scalar attribute of this name to scale tile resolution of current face. Note that the scaled resolution is still clamped by Minimum and Maximum resolutions.

If this is disabled, mantra will no longer measure relative size of faces compared with smallest faces in the model when baking to a Ptex image. The tile resolution of each face will simply be Minimum Ptex Map Resolution multiplied by Ptex Resolution Scale and primitive-level Ptex scale attribute (if one exists).